Chemical & Biological Dynamics

"exogenous glutathione added to glutathione-deficient E. coli in amounts equal to those which would be present in a similar suspension of the wild-type bacteria fully restored resistance of glutathione-deficient bacteria to chlorine-based oxidants" "oxidized glutathione is almost as effective as reduced glutathione, implying that the tripeptide and/or oxidized thiol undergo further reactions with chlorine compounds. Indeed, in vitro, 1 mol of reduced glutathione will react with approximately 3.5 to 4.0 mol of hypochlorous acid."

Abstract Strawberries are highly sensitive to deterioration by microbial decay after harvest and Botrytis cinerea is one of the most common diseases that infect them. Previous work has reported successful extension of strawberry shelf life through the use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas treatments. In this study, California strawberries purchased at retail stores were treated with continuously generated ClO2 gas over concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 5.0 mg/L for durations ranging from 7 to 1000 min to determine how ClO2 gas impacts fungal mortality and fruit quality as a function of treatment concentration, treatment duration, and ClO2 absorption by the fruit. Repeated measures and Gompertz models were used to infer on the efficacy of the ClO2 gas, and a novel method was used to quantify the ClO2 absorption by fresh produce. It was found that ClO2 gas treatments have minimal effect at delaying the onset or growth rate of Botrytis cinerea for treatments followed by incubation at 4 or 22 °C even when corrected for natural variability of Botrytis cinerea presence among batches of strawberries, indicating that treatments are not sufficient for shelf-life extension.

The effect of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on Penicillium expansum growth and patulin production in vitro and on its disease severity in apples was investi…

Journal of Food Science 54: 57-60

Non-volatile reaction products generated from the reactions of 70 mM aqueous chlorine or chlorine dioxide with 10 mM l-tryptophan were shown to be dir…

Nonvolatile products generated from reactions of graded molar ratios of aqueous chlorine or chlorine dioxide with L-tryptophan (1:1, 3:1 and 7:1) were shown to be direct-acting mutagens to Salmonella...

Water Research 19(10): 1273-1281

Svensk papperstidning 81(4): 114-120

"The reaction of tryptophane, histidine and tyrosine (10 ppm each) with ClO(2) were studied at molar ratios ranging from 0.25 to 4 in the presence or absence of oxygen. It was found that in the absence of oxygen adding substoichiometric amounts of ClO(2) creates products that are structurally similar to the starting amino acids. Through a series of cascade reactions the initial product distribution gradually evolves toward simple, small carbon chain products that are far from the starting amino acid. The reaction product distribution revealed that chlorine dioxide can attack the electron-rich aromatic moieties as well as the nitrogen atom lone electron pair"

***

**** "The microorganisms in biofilms include disease-causing pathogens such as E.coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria so it’s important to prevent their development and stop the spread of any spores. The microorganisms cluster together and secrete a protective polysaccharide “glue” that helps them to resist outside elements. Chlorine dioxide penetrates this slimy outer layer by breaking down the inert sugars. Unlike other biocides, chlorine dioxide then continues reacting with the proteins that the microorganisms are built from, disrupting cell function and preventing them from reproducing. Chlorine dioxide is particularly effective at preventing the build-up of Legionella, Giardia Lambia and Cryptosporidium oocysts in public drinking water supplies."

"application of 1‰ solution of stabilized liquid chlorine dioxide on some food-born related bacteria - E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S. Enteritidis and C. jejuni."

{Some info in this article is false}

****!!!!**** "the reaction between the ferrous ion and chlorite is very fast (5–15 s) over a range of pH 6.5–8.0; in this condition a ferrous ion dose of 3.31 mg Fe/mg ClO2 completely reduced chlorite to chloride, producing minimal residual soluble iron. For pH higher than 8.0–8.5, chlorite removal is lower due to the natural transformation of the ferrou ions to ferric hydroxide. Within these pH values, chlorite can be removed completely with ferrous ion concentrations higher than the stoichiometric value. Moreover, the application of ferrous salts for chlorite removal during the coagulation process enhances the performance of the coagulation and flocculation treatment"

A multilevel antimicrobial coating with "release-killing", "contact-killing" and "anti-adhesion" properties was prepared from polymer-encapsulated chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)), water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion. A slow sustained release of gaseous ClO(2) at a rate sufficient to inhibit bact …

****!!!!****!!!!**!!!** "The amount of ClO(2) produced was higher as the concentration of sodium chlorite was increased and as the pH of the acid solutions was decreased. However, the stability in production of ClO(2) was enhanced by increasing the pH of the organic acid solutions." "Rates of inactivation tended to increase with higher pH of ClO(2) solutions. Results show that ClO(2) formed in organic acid solutions has higher stability and is more lethal to B. cereus spores than ClO(2) formed at the same concentration in HCl solution. This finding emphasizes the benefits of using organic acid solutions to prepare ClO(2) intended for use as an antimicrobial."

[Combinations affected lethality in presence of other materials.] Chlorine, ClO2, and a commercial raw fruit and vegetable sanitizer were evaluated for their effectiveness in killing vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis. The ultimate goal was to use one or both species as a potential surrogate(s) for Bacillus anthraci …

Effectiveness vs Chlorine was various. CD also decreased temperature tolerance for some spores.

The oxidation reactions of N-acetylthiourea (ACTU) by chlorite and chlorine dioxide were studied in slightly acidic media. The ACTU-ClO(2)(-) reaction has a complex dependence on acid with acid catalysis in pH > 2 followed by acid retardation in higher acid conditions. In excess chlorite conditio …

"The use of supramolecular constructs and/or adducts of chlorine dioxide as strategies for mitigating chlorine dioxide-induced water treatment toxicity has not been reported to date, despite the fact that chlorine dioxide is known to form a variety of supramolecular adducts (Loginova et al., 2011;Palcso et al., 2019), including with α-cyclodextrin (Wambaugh et al., 2013)"

"This study assessed the antimicrobial properties of Aseptrol® (48 ppm and 24 ppm)" "Both disinfectants killed more susceptible bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas. aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans within 30 seconds and proved to be fungicidal by killing Candida albicans within 30 seconds.Aseptrol® and Presept® killed less susceptible mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and blood borne organism Hepatitis B virus within 30 seconds. Highly resistant B. subtilis spores were killed in 2 and 2.5 minutes by Aseptrol® and Presept® respectively." "Although manufacturers recommend that the disinfectant solutions should be prepared daily, when the shelf-life of prepared solutions stored in screw cap bottles was studied, the results showed that Aseptrol® can be effectively used for 27 day" "nosocomial infections"

Seeking a means of sanitizing berries, the effectiveness of steady state levels of gaseous chlorine dioxide against hepatitis A virus (HAV) on laboratory-contaminated berries was determined. The generated ClO2 was maintained with 1 or 2 mg/l air inside a 269-l glove box …

The effectiveness of steady-state levels of gaseous chlorine dioxide against Tulane virus (TV), a human norovirus surrogate, on berries was determined. The generated ClO2 was maintained at 1 mg/L inside a 269 L glove box to treat two 50 g batches of blueberries, raspberr …

The efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in detoxifying two potential bioterrorism agents,